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Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls

Identifieur interne : 004826 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004825; suivant : 004827

Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls

Auteurs : Paul J. Mclaren [Suisse, États-Unis] ; Cédric Coulonges [France] ; Stephan Ripke [États-Unis] ; Leonard Van Den Berg [Pays-Bas] ; Susan Buchbinder [États-Unis] ; Mary Carrington [États-Unis] ; Andrea Cossarizza [Italie] ; Judith Dalmau [Espagne] ; Steven G. Deeks [États-Unis] ; Olivier Delaneau [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrea De Luca [Italie] ; James J. Goedert [États-Unis] ; David Haas [États-Unis] ; Joshua T. Herbeck [États-Unis] ; Sekar Kathiresan [États-Unis] ; Gregory D. Kirk [États-Unis] ; Olivier Lambotte [France] ; Ma Luo [Canada] ; Simon Mallal [Australie] ; Daniëlle Van Manen [Pays-Bas] ; Javier Martinez-Picado [Espagne] ; Laurence Meyer [France] ; José M. Miro [Espagne] ; James I. Mullins [États-Unis] ; Niels Obel [Danemark] ; Stephen J. O'Brien [Russie] ; Florencia Pereyra [États-Unis] ; Francis A. Plummer [Canada] ; Guido Poli [Italie] ; Ying Qi [États-Unis] ; Pierre Rucart [France] ; Manj S. Sandhu [Royaume-Uni] ; Patrick R. Shea [États-Unis] ; Hanneke Schuitemaker [Pays-Bas] ; Ioannis Theodorou [France] ; Fredrik Vannberg [États-Unis] ; Jan Veldink [Pays-Bas] ; Bruce D. Walker [États-Unis] ; Amy Weintrob [États-Unis] ; Cheryl A. Winkler [États-Unis] ; Steven Wolinsky [États-Unis] ; Amalio Telenti [Suisse] ; David B. Goldstein [États-Unis] ; Paul I. W. De Bakker [États-Unis, Pays-Bas] ; Jean-François Zagury [France] ; Jacques Fellay [Suisse]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3723635

Abstract

Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in HIV-1 infected individuals, identifying common genetic influences on viral control and disease course. Similarly, common genetic correlates of acquisition of HIV-1 after exposure have been interrogated using GWAS, although in generally small samples. Under the auspices of the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV, we have combined the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data collected by 25 cohorts, studies, or institutions on HIV-1 infected individuals and compared them to carefully matched population-level data sets (a list of all collaborators appears in Note S1 in Text S1). After imputation using the 1,000 Genomes Project reference panel, we tested approximately 8 million common DNA variants (SNPs and indels) for association with HIV-1 acquisition in 6,334 infected patients and 7,247 population samples of European ancestry. Initial association testing identified the SNP rs4418214, the C allele of which is known to tag the HLA-B*57:01 and B*27:05 alleles, as genome-wide significant (p = 3.6×10−11). However, restricting analysis to individuals with a known date of seroconversion suggested that this association was due to the frailty bias in studies of lethal diseases. Further analyses including testing recessive genetic models, testing for bulk effects of non-genome-wide significant variants, stratifying by sexual or parenteral transmission risk and testing previously reported associations showed no evidence for genetic influence on HIV-1 acquisition (with the exception of CCR5Δ32 homozygosity). Thus, these data suggest that genetic influences on HIV acquisition are either rare or have smaller effects than can be detected by this sample size.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003515
PubMed: 23935489
PubMed Central: 3723635


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Delaneau, Olivier" sort="Delaneau, Olivier" uniqKey="Delaneau O" first="Olivier" last="Delaneau">Olivier Delaneau</name>
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<addr-line>Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
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<wicri:regionArea>Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<name sortKey="Lambotte, Olivier" sort="Lambotte, Olivier" uniqKey="Lambotte O" first="Olivier" last="Lambotte">Olivier Lambotte</name>
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<addr-line>INSERM U1012, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<addr-line>AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
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<name sortKey="Luo, Ma" sort="Luo, Ma" uniqKey="Luo M" first="Ma" last="Luo">Ma Luo</name>
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<addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
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<addr-line>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
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<name sortKey="Mallal, Simon" sort="Mallal, Simon" uniqKey="Mallal S" first="Simon" last="Mallal">Simon Mallal</name>
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<addr-line>Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University and Pathwest, Perth, Australia</addr-line>
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<name sortKey="Van Manen, Danielle" sort="Van Manen, Danielle" uniqKey="Van Manen D" first="Daniëlle" last="Van Manen">Daniëlle Van Manen</name>
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<addr-line>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
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<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Martinez Picado, Javier" sort="Martinez Picado, Javier" uniqKey="Martinez Picado J" first="Javier" last="Martinez-Picado">Javier Martinez-Picado</name>
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<addr-line>AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain</addr-line>
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<orgName type="university">Université autonome de Barcelone</orgName>
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<addr-line>Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Meyer, Laurence" sort="Meyer, Laurence" uniqKey="Meyer L" first="Laurence" last="Meyer">Laurence Meyer</name>
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<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
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<nlm:aff id="aff30">
<addr-line>Inserm, CESP U1018, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud; AP-HP, Hopital Bicêtre, Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, CESP U1018, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud; AP-HP, Hopital Bicêtre, Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miro, Jose M" sort="Miro, Jose M" uniqKey="Miro J" first="José M." last="Miro">José M. Miro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff31">
<addr-line>Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mullins, James I" sort="Mullins, James I" uniqKey="Mullins J" first="James I." last="Mullins">James I. Mullins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Obel, Niels" sort="Obel, Niels" uniqKey="Obel N" first="Niels" last="Obel">Niels Obel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff32">
<addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, The National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="O Brien, Stephen J" sort="O Brien, Stephen J" uniqKey="O Brien S" first="Stephen J." last="O'Brien">Stephen J. O'Brien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff33">
<addr-line>Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pereyra, Florencia" sort="Pereyra, Florencia" uniqKey="Pereyra F" first="Florencia" last="Pereyra">Florencia Pereyra</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">
<addr-line>Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plummer, Francis A" sort="Plummer, Francis A" uniqKey="Plummer F" first="Francis A." last="Plummer">Francis A. Plummer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff25">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement>
<region type="state">Manitoba</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">
<addr-line>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Manitoba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poli, Guido" sort="Poli, Guido" uniqKey="Poli G" first="Guido" last="Poli">Guido Poli</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff35">
<addr-line>Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine & San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine & San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Qi, Ying" sort="Qi, Ying" uniqKey="Qi Y" first="Ying" last="Qi">Ying Qi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">
<addr-line>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rucart, Pierre" sort="Rucart, Pierre" uniqKey="Rucart P" first="Pierre" last="Rucart">Pierre Rucart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sandhu, Manj S" sort="Sandhu, Manj S" uniqKey="Sandhu M" first="Manj S." last="Sandhu">Manj S. Sandhu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff36">
<addr-line>Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff37">
<addr-line>Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shea, Patrick R" sort="Shea, Patrick R" uniqKey="Shea P" first="Patrick R." last="Shea">Patrick R. Shea</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff38">
<addr-line>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schuitemaker, Hanneke" sort="Schuitemaker, Hanneke" uniqKey="Schuitemaker H" first="Hanneke" last="Schuitemaker">Hanneke Schuitemaker</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff28">
<addr-line>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
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<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Theodorou, Ioannis" sort="Theodorou, Ioannis" uniqKey="Theodorou I" first="Ioannis" last="Theodorou">Ioannis Theodorou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
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<addr-line>INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM UMRS 945, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vannberg, Fredrik" sort="Vannberg, Fredrik" uniqKey="Vannberg F" first="Fredrik" last="Vannberg">Fredrik Vannberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff40">
<addr-line>School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Veldink, Jan" sort="Veldink, Jan" uniqKey="Veldink J" first="Jan" last="Veldink">Jan Veldink</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Walker, Bruce D" sort="Walker, Bruce D" uniqKey="Walker B" first="Bruce D." last="Walker">Bruce D. Walker</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:aff id="aff41">
<addr-line>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weintrob, Amy" sort="Weintrob, Amy" uniqKey="Weintrob A" first="Amy" last="Weintrob">Amy Weintrob</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">
<addr-line>Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Winkler, Cheryl A" sort="Winkler, Cheryl A" uniqKey="Winkler C" first="Cheryl A." last="Winkler">Cheryl A. Winkler</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff43">
<addr-line>Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wolinsky, Steven" sort="Wolinsky, Steven" uniqKey="Wolinsky S" first="Steven" last="Wolinsky">Steven Wolinsky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff44">
<addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Telenti, Amalio" sort="Telenti, Amalio" uniqKey="Telenti A" first="Amalio" last="Telenti">Amalio Telenti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goldstein, David B" sort="Goldstein, David B" uniqKey="Goldstein D" first="David B." last="Goldstein">David B. Goldstein</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff38">
<addr-line>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff3">
<addr-line>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
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<nlm:aff id="aff45">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Genetics Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<nlm:aff id="aff46">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
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<nlm:aff id="aff47">
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Zagury, Jean Francois" sort="Zagury, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Zagury J" first="Jean-François" last="Zagury">Jean-François Zagury</name>
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<addr-line>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
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<nlm:aff id="aff5">
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls</title>
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<name sortKey="Mclaren, Paul J" sort="Mclaren, Paul J" uniqKey="Mclaren P" first="Paul J." last="Mclaren">Paul J. Mclaren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">
<addr-line>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Coulonges, Cedric" sort="Coulonges, Cedric" uniqKey="Coulonges C" first="Cédric" last="Coulonges">Cédric Coulonges</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ripke, Stephan" sort="Ripke, Stephan" uniqKey="Ripke S" first="Stephan" last="Ripke">Stephan Ripke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">
<addr-line>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">
<addr-line>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Berg, Leonard" sort="Van Den Berg, Leonard" uniqKey="Van Den Berg L" first="Leonard" last="Van Den Berg">Leonard Van Den Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Buchbinder, Susan" sort="Buchbinder, Susan" uniqKey="Buchbinder S" first="Susan" last="Buchbinder">Susan Buchbinder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff8">
<addr-line>Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carrington, Mary" sort="Carrington, Mary" uniqKey="Carrington M" first="Mary" last="Carrington">Mary Carrington</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">
<addr-line>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cossarizza, Andrea" sort="Cossarizza, Andrea" uniqKey="Cossarizza A" first="Andrea" last="Cossarizza">Andrea Cossarizza</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff11">
<addr-line>Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Modena</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dalmau, Judith" sort="Dalmau, Judith" uniqKey="Dalmau J" first="Judith" last="Dalmau">Judith Dalmau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">
<addr-line>AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université autonome de Barcelone</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Deeks, Steven G" sort="Deeks, Steven G" uniqKey="Deeks S" first="Steven G." last="Deeks">Steven G. Deeks</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">
<addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Delaneau, Olivier" sort="Delaneau, Olivier" uniqKey="Delaneau O" first="Olivier" last="Delaneau">Olivier Delaneau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">
<addr-line>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Luca, Andrea" sort="De Luca, Andrea" uniqKey="De Luca A" first="Andrea" last="De Luca">Andrea De Luca</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">
<addr-line>University Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University Division of Infectious Diseases, Siena University Hospital, Siena</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Siena</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Clinical infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goedert, James J" sort="Goedert, James J" uniqKey="Goedert J" first="James J." last="Goedert">James J. Goedert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">
<addr-line>Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haas, David" sort="Haas, David" uniqKey="Haas D" first="David" last="Haas">David Haas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff18">
<addr-line>Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Herbeck, Joshua T" sort="Herbeck, Joshua T" uniqKey="Herbeck J" first="Joshua T." last="Herbeck">Joshua T. Herbeck</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kathiresan, Sekar" sort="Kathiresan, Sekar" uniqKey="Kathiresan S" first="Sekar" last="Kathiresan">Sekar Kathiresan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">
<addr-line>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff20">
<addr-line>Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kirk, Gregory D" sort="Kirk, Gregory D" uniqKey="Kirk G" first="Gregory D." last="Kirk">Gregory D. Kirk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff21">
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lambotte, Olivier" sort="Lambotte, Olivier" uniqKey="Lambotte O" first="Olivier" last="Lambotte">Olivier Lambotte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">
<addr-line>INSERM U1012, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1012, Bicêtre</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff23">
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University Paris-Sud, Bicêtre</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">
<addr-line>AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Luo, Ma" sort="Luo, Ma" uniqKey="Luo M" first="Ma" last="Luo">Ma Luo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff25">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement>
<region type="state">Manitoba</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">
<addr-line>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Manitoba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mallal, Simon" sort="Mallal, Simon" uniqKey="Mallal S" first="Simon" last="Mallal">Simon Mallal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff27">
<addr-line>Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University and Pathwest, Perth, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University and Pathwest, Perth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Perth</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Manen, Danielle" sort="Van Manen, Danielle" uniqKey="Van Manen D" first="Daniëlle" last="Van Manen">Daniëlle Van Manen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff28">
<addr-line>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martinez Picado, Javier" sort="Martinez Picado, Javier" uniqKey="Martinez Picado J" first="Javier" last="Martinez-Picado">Javier Martinez-Picado</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">
<addr-line>AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université autonome de Barcelone</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff29">
<addr-line>Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meyer, Laurence" sort="Meyer, Laurence" uniqKey="Meyer L" first="Laurence" last="Meyer">Laurence Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff30">
<addr-line>Inserm, CESP U1018, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud; AP-HP, Hopital Bicêtre, Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Inserm, CESP U1018, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud; AP-HP, Hopital Bicêtre, Epidemiology and Public Health Service, Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Le Kremlin Bicêtre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miro, Jose M" sort="Miro, Jose M" uniqKey="Miro J" first="José M." last="Miro">José M. Miro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff31">
<addr-line>Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Service. Hospital Clinic – IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mullins, James I" sort="Mullins, James I" uniqKey="Mullins J" first="James I." last="Mullins">James I. Mullins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Obel, Niels" sort="Obel, Niels" uniqKey="Obel N" first="Niels" last="Obel">Niels Obel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff32">
<addr-line>Department of Infectious Diseases, The National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, The National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="O Brien, Stephen J" sort="O Brien, Stephen J" uniqKey="O Brien S" first="Stephen J." last="O'Brien">Stephen J. O'Brien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff33">
<addr-line>Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>St. Petersburg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pereyra, Florencia" sort="Pereyra, Florencia" uniqKey="Pereyra F" first="Florencia" last="Pereyra">Florencia Pereyra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">
<addr-line>Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plummer, Francis A" sort="Plummer, Francis A" uniqKey="Plummer F" first="Francis A." last="Plummer">Francis A. Plummer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff25">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement>
<region type="state">Manitoba</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">
<addr-line>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Manitoba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poli, Guido" sort="Poli, Guido" uniqKey="Poli G" first="Guido" last="Poli">Guido Poli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff35">
<addr-line>Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine & San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine & San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Qi, Ying" sort="Qi, Ying" uniqKey="Qi Y" first="Ying" last="Qi">Ying Qi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">
<addr-line>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rucart, Pierre" sort="Rucart, Pierre" uniqKey="Rucart P" first="Pierre" last="Rucart">Pierre Rucart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sandhu, Manj S" sort="Sandhu, Manj S" uniqKey="Sandhu M" first="Manj S." last="Sandhu">Manj S. Sandhu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff36">
<addr-line>Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff37">
<addr-line>Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shea, Patrick R" sort="Shea, Patrick R" uniqKey="Shea P" first="Patrick R." last="Shea">Patrick R. Shea</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff38">
<addr-line>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schuitemaker, Hanneke" sort="Schuitemaker, Hanneke" uniqKey="Schuitemaker H" first="Hanneke" last="Schuitemaker">Hanneke Schuitemaker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff28">
<addr-line>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Theodorou, Ioannis" sort="Theodorou, Ioannis" uniqKey="Theodorou I" first="Ioannis" last="Theodorou">Ioannis Theodorou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff39">
<addr-line>INSERM UMRS 945, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM UMRS 945, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vannberg, Fredrik" sort="Vannberg, Fredrik" uniqKey="Vannberg F" first="Fredrik" last="Vannberg">Fredrik Vannberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff40">
<addr-line>School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Veldink, Jan" sort="Veldink, Jan" uniqKey="Veldink J" first="Jan" last="Veldink">Jan Veldink</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<addr-line>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Walker, Bruce D" sort="Walker, Bruce D" uniqKey="Walker B" first="Bruce D." last="Walker">Bruce D. Walker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<addr-line>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff41">
<addr-line>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Weintrob, Amy" sort="Weintrob, Amy" uniqKey="Weintrob A" first="Amy" last="Weintrob">Amy Weintrob</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">
<addr-line>Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Winkler, Cheryl A" sort="Winkler, Cheryl A" uniqKey="Winkler C" first="Cheryl A." last="Winkler">Cheryl A. Winkler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff43">
<addr-line>Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wolinsky, Steven" sort="Wolinsky, Steven" uniqKey="Wolinsky S" first="Steven" last="Wolinsky">Steven Wolinsky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff44">
<addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Telenti, Amalio" sort="Telenti, Amalio" uniqKey="Telenti A" first="Amalio" last="Telenti">Amalio Telenti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goldstein, David B" sort="Goldstein, David B" uniqKey="Goldstein D" first="David B." last="Goldstein">David B. Goldstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff38">
<addr-line>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genome Variation, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">
<addr-line>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2">
<nlm:aff id="aff45">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Genetics Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff46">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff47">
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zagury, Jean Francois" sort="Zagury, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Zagury J" first="Jean-François" last="Zagury">Jean-François Zagury</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">
<addr-line>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications, EA4627, Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">
<addr-line>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fellay, Jacques" sort="Fellay, Jacques" uniqKey="Fellay J" first="Jacques" last="Fellay">Jacques Fellay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">
<addr-line>School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">
<addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<settlement type="city">Lausanne</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Vaud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">PLoS Pathogens</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1553-7366</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1553-7374</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
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<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in HIV-1 infected individuals, identifying common genetic influences on viral control and disease course. Similarly, common genetic correlates of acquisition of HIV-1 after exposure have been interrogated using GWAS, although in generally small samples. Under the auspices of the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV, we have combined the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data collected by 25 cohorts, studies, or institutions on HIV-1 infected individuals and compared them to carefully matched population-level data sets (a list of all collaborators appears in Note S1 in Text S1). After imputation using the 1,000 Genomes Project reference panel, we tested approximately 8 million common DNA variants (SNPs and indels) for association with HIV-1 acquisition in 6,334 infected patients and 7,247 population samples of European ancestry. Initial association testing identified the SNP rs4418214, the C allele of which is known to tag the HLA-B*57:01 and B*27:05 alleles, as genome-wide significant (p = 3.6×10
<sup>−11</sup>
). However, restricting analysis to individuals with a known date of seroconversion suggested that this association was due to the frailty bias in studies of lethal diseases. Further analyses including testing recessive genetic models, testing for bulk effects of non-genome-wide significant variants, stratifying by sexual or parenteral transmission risk and testing previously reported associations showed no evidence for genetic influence on HIV-1 acquisition (with the exception of
<italic>CCR5Δ32</italic>
homozygosity). Thus, these data suggest that genetic influences on HIV acquisition are either rare or have smaller effects than can be detected by this sample size.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
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<li>Australie</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Russie</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
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<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Angleterre de l'Est</li>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Canton de Vaud</li>
<li>Caroline du Nord</li>
<li>Catalogne</li>
<li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li>
<li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li>
<li>Hovedstaden</li>
<li>Illinois</li>
<li>Latium</li>
<li>Lombardie</li>
<li>Manitoba</li>
<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
<li>Oxfordshire</li>
<li>Tennessee</li>
<li>Utrecht (province)</li>
<li>Washington (État)</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
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<li>Amsterdam</li>
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<li>Milan</li>
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<li>Rome</li>
<li>Seattle</li>
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<li>Winnipeg</li>
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<li>Université autonome de Barcelone</li>
<li>Université d'Amsterdam</li>
<li>Université d'Oxford</li>
<li>Université de Cambridge</li>
<li>Université de Washington</li>
<li>Université du Manitoba</li>
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<name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name>
<name sortKey="De Bakker, Paul I W" sort="De Bakker, Paul I W" uniqKey="De Bakker P" first="Paul I. W." last="De Bakker">Paul I. W. De Bakker</name>
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